List of Alpha Omega Alpha chapters
Alpha Omega Alpha is an honor society in the field of medicine.[1] It was established in 1902 at the University of Illinois College of Medicine and expanded to include chapters across the United States and in Canada and Lebanon.[1]
Following is a list of chapters, with active chapters in bold and inactive chapters in italics.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
| Chapter | Charter date and range | Institution | Location | Status | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alpha of Illinois | August 24, 1902 | University of Illinois College of Medicine | Chicago, Illinois | Active | |
| Beta of Illinois | December 13, 1902 | Pritzker School of Medicine | Chicago, Illinois | Active | [7] |
| Gamma of Illinois | February 7, 1903 | Feinberg School of Medicine | Evanston, Illinois | Active | |
| Alpha of Ohio | February 1903 | Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine | Cleveland, Ohio | Active | [a] |
| Alpha of Pennsylvania | March 1903 | Sidney Kimmel Medical College | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Active | [b] |
| Beta of Pennsylvania | April 4, 1903 | Perelman School of Medicine | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Active | |
| Alpha of Missouri | May 16, 1905 | Washington University School of Medicine | St. Louis, Missouri | Active | |
| Alpha of Massachusetts | February 1, 1906 | Harvard Medical School | Boston, Massachusetts | Inactive | |
| Alpha of California | February 10, 1906 | UCSF School of Medicine | San Francisco, California | Inactive | [c] |
| Alpha of Maryland | April 20, 1906 | Johns Hopkins School of Medicine | Baltimore, Maryland | Active | |
| Alpha of Ontario | November 12, 1906 | University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine | Toronto, Ontario | Active | [8] |
| Alpha of New York | November 1, 1907 | Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons | Manhattan, New York City, New York | Active | |
| Alpha of Michigan | December 10, 1907 | University of Michigan Medicine | Ann Arbor, Michigan | Active | |
| Alpha of Minnesota | January 15, 1908 | University of Minnesota Medical School | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Active | |
| Beta of New York | May 2, 1910 | Weill Cornell Medicine | New York City, New York | Active | |
| Gamma of New York | February 15, 1911 | State University of New York Upstate Medical University | Syracuse, New York | Active | [9][d] |
| Alpha of Quebec | November 27, 1911 | McGill University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences | Montreal, Quebec, Canada | Inactive | |
| Alpha of Nebraska | November 2, 1914 | University of Nebraska Medical Center | Omaha, Nebraska | Active | |
| Alpha of Louisiana | December 10, 1914 | Tulane University School of Medicine | New Orleans, Louisiana | Active | |
| Beta of Ohio | February 15, 1916 | University of Cincinnati Health | Cincinnati, Ohio | Active | |
| Gamma of Pennsylvania | April 10, 1916 | University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | Active | |
| Alpha of Indiana | June 2, 1916 | Indiana University School of Medicine | Indianapolis, Indiana | Active | |
| Alpha of Virginia | November 15, 1919 | University of Virginia School of Medicine | Charlottesville, Virginia | Active | |
| Alpha of Iowa | May 15, 1920 | Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine | Iowa City, Iowa | Active | [10] |
| Alpha of Texas | June 25, 1920 | McGovern Medical School | Houston, Texas | Active | [11] |
| Alpha of Connecticut | December 5, 1920 | Yale School of Medicine | New Haven, Connecticut | Inactive | |
| Alpha of Tennessee | March 1, 1923 | Vanderbilt University School of Medicine | Nashville, Tennessee | Active | [12] |
| Delta of New York | December 10, 1923 | New York University Grossman School of Medicine | New York City, New York | Active | |
| Alpha of Oregon | December 10, 1923 | Oregon Health & Science University | Portland, Oregon | Active | |
| Beta of Missouri | March 10, 1924 | Saint Louis University School of Medicine | St. Louis, Missouri | Active | |
| Epsilon of New York | December 1, 1924 | Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences | Buffalo, New York | Active | |
| Alpha of Kentucky | May 24, 1926 | University of Louisville School of Medicine | Louisville, Kentucky | Active | |
| Alpha of Colorado | June 3, 1926 | University of Colorado School of Medicine | Aurora, Colorado | Active | |
| Alpha of Wisconsin | June 4, 1926 | University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health | Madison, Wisconsin | Active | |
| Alpha of Georgia | June 4, 1926 | Medical College of Georgia | Augusta, Georgia | Active | |
| Beta of California | April 25, 1929 | Stanford University School of Medicine | Stanford, California | Active | [e] |
| Zeta of New York | May 2, 1929 | University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry | Rochester, New York | Active | |
| Alpha of Kansas | December 13, 1930 | University of Kansas School of Medicine | Kansas City, Kansas | Active | |
| Alpha of North Carolina | April 1, 1931 | Duke University School of Medicine | Durham, North Carolina | Active | |
| Gamma of Ohio | June 5, 1933 | Ohio State University College of Medicine | Columbus, Ohio | Active | |
| Delta of Pennsylvania | April 27, 1934 | Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Inactive | |
| Beta of Georgia | May 29, 1939 | Emory University School of Medicine | Atlanta, Georgia | Active | |
| Beta of Massachusetts | December 2, 1940 | Tufts University School of Medicine | Boston, Massachusetts | Active | |
| Beta of Virginia | December 4, 1940 | VCU Medical Center | Richmond, Virginia | Active | |
| Beta of Tennessee | October 24, 1941 | University of Tennessee Health Science Center | Memphis, Tennessee | Active | [12] |
| Beta of Ontario | February 18, 1942 | University of Western Ontario | London, Ontario | Inactive | |
| Beta of Michigan | February 19, 1942 | Wayne State University School of Medicine | Detroit, Michigan | Active | |
| Gamma of Massachusetts | November 12, 1948 | Boston University School of Medicine | Boston, Massachusetts | Active | |
| Eta of New York | November 13, 1948 | SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University | New York City, New York | Active | |
| Beta of North Carolina | November 19, 1948 | Wake Forest School of Medicine | Winston-Salem, North Carolina | Active | |
| Beta of Wisconsin | April 4, 1949 | Marquette University College of Health Sciences | Milwaukee, Wisconsin | Inactive | |
| Beta of Louisiana | April 28, 1949 | LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans | New Orleans, Louisiana | Active | [13] |
| Alpha of Utah | November 10, 1949 | University of Utah School of Medicine | Salt Lake City, Utah | Active | |
| Gamma of California | November 14, 1949 | Keck School of Medicine of USC | Los Angeles, California | Active | |
| Beta of Texas | November 17, 1949 | Baylor University Medical Center | Waco, Texas | Active | |
| Beta of Maryland | December 9, 1949 | University of Maryland School of Medicine | Baltimore, Maryland | Active | |
| Theta of New York | December 10, 1949 | Albany Medical College | Albany, New York | Active | |
| Alpha of Alabama | April 7, 1950 | University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine | Birmingham, Alabama | Active | |
| Alpha of Washington | June 8, 1950 | University of Washington School of Medicine | Seattle, Washington | Active | |
| Gamma of Texas | November 10, 1950 | University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center | Dallas, Texas | Active | |
| Epsilon of Pennsylvania | December 1, 1950 | Temple University School of Medicine | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Active | |
| Zeta of Pennsylvania | November 20, 1952 | Drexel University College of Medicine | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Active | |
| Alpha of Vermont | November 21, 1952 | Robert Larner College of Medicine | Burlington, Vermont | Active | |
| Alpha of South Carolina | March 20, 1953 | Medical University of South Carolina | Charleston, South Carolina | Active | |
| Alpha of Oklahoma | May 1, 1953 | University of Oklahoma College of Medicine | Oklahoma City, Oklahoma | Active | |
| Gamma of North Carolina | June 4, 1954 | UNC School of Medicine | Chapel Hill, North Carolina | Active | |
| Alpha of District of Columbia | October 15, 1954 | George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences | Washington, D.C. | Active | [14] |
| Beta of District of Columbia | October 16, 1954 | Georgetown University School of Medicine | Washington, D.C. | Active | |
| Alpha of British Columbia | November 12, 1954 | UBC Faculty of Medicine | Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada | Inactive | |
| Gamma of District of Columbia | May 14, 1955 | Howard University College of Medicine | Washington, D.C. | Active | |
| Alpha of Arkansas | May 23, 1955 | University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences | Little Rock, Arkansas | Active | |
| Delta of California | January 3, 1956 | David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA | Los Angeles, California | Active | [15] |
| Alpha of Puerto Rico | March 7, 1956 | University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine | San Juan, Puerto Rico | Active | |
| Epsilon of California | 1957 | Loma Linda University School of Medicine | Loma Linda, California | Active | |
| Beta of Nebraska | 1957 | Creighton University School of Medicine | Omaha, Nebraska | Active | |
| Iota of New York | 1957 | New York Medical College | Valhalla, New York | Active | |
| Alpha of Mississippi | 1957 | University of Mississippi School of Medicine | Oxford, Mississippi | Active | |
| Gamma of Tennessee | 1957 | Meharry Medical College | Nashville, Tennessee | Active | [12] |
| Gamma of Missouri | 1957 | University of Missouri School of Medicine | Columbia, Missouri | Active | |
| Alpha of Lebanon | 1958 | American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine | Beirut, Lebanon | Active | |
| Alpha of Nova Scotia | 1958 | Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine | Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada | Inactive | |
| Alpha of Alberta | 1958 | University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry | Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | Inactive | |
| Alpha of Florida | 1959 | Miller School of Medicine | Miami, Florida | Active | |
| Kappa of New York | 1959 | Albert Einstein College of Medicine | New York City, New York | Active | |
| Beta of Florida | 1960 | University of Florida College of Medicine | Gainesville, Florida | Active | |
| Alpha of West Virginia | 1962 | West Virginia University School of Medicine | Morgantown, West Virginia | Active | [16] |
| Alpha of New Mexico | 1968 | University of New Mexico School of Medicine | Albuquerque, New Mexico | Active | [17] |
| Gamma of Louisiana | 1973 | LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport | Shreveport, Louisiana | Active | [18] |
| Zeta of Texas | 1974 | Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine | Lubbock, Texas | Active | [19][20] |
| Delta of Ohio | 1974 | University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences | Toledo, Ohio | Active | [21] |
| Alpha of South Dakota | 1978 | University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine | Vermillion, Sioux Falls, Rapid City, and Yankton, South Carolina | Active | [22] |
| Zeta of Ohio | 1982 | Northeast Ohio Medical University | Rootstown, Ohio | Active | [23] |
| Delta of Tennessee | 1985 | East Tennessee State University James H. Quillen College of Medicine | Johnson City, Tennessee | Active | [12] |
| 1985 | University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine | Reno, Nevada | Active | [24] | |
| Gamma of Georgia | 1989 | Morehouse School of Medicine | Atlanta, Georgia | Active | [25] |
| Beta of Puerto RIco | 1990 | Ponce Health Sciences University | Ponce, Puerto Rico | Active | [26] |
| Alpha of Hawaii | 1990 | John A. Burns School of Medicine | Honolulu, Hawaii | Active | |
| Delta of Massachusetts | 1996 | UMass Chan Medical School | Worcester, Massachusetts | Active | [27] |
| Gamma of Puerto Rico | 1990–2020 | Universidad Central del Caribe | Bayamón, Puerto Rico | Active | |
| Delta of Michigan | 2011 | Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine | Auburn Hills, Michigan | Active | [28] |
| Epsilon of Florida | 2012 | FIU Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine | Miami-Dade County, Florida | Active | [29] |
| 2012 | Boonshoft School of Medicine | Dayton, Ohio | Active | [30] | |
| 2014 | Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine | Pennsylvania | Active | [31] | |
| Nu of New York | 2015 | Zucker School of Medicine | Hempstead, New York | Active | [32] |
| Beta of Connecticut | 2016 | University of Connecticut School of Medicine | Farmington, Connecticut | Active | [33] |
| Gamma of New Jersey | June 2017 | Cooper Medical School of Rowan University | Camden, New Jersey | Active | [34] |
| Delta of Puerto Rico | August 13, 2020 | San Juan Bautista School of Medicine | Caguas, Puerto Rico | Active | [35] |
| Zeta of Michigan | 2021 | Central Michigan University College of Medicine | Mount Pleasant, Michigan | Active | [36][37] |
| April 2021 | UNLV School of Medicine | Paradise, Nevada | Active | [38] | |
| Epsilon of Illinois | 2022 | Stritch School of Medicine | Chicago, Illinois | Active | [39] |
| Xi of New York | February 2024 | CUNY School of Medicine | Manhattan, New York City, New York | Active | [40][41] |
| Beta of Arizona | 2024 | University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix | Phoenix, Arizona | Active | [41] |
| Geisel School of Medicine | Hanover, New Hampshire | Active | |||
| ECU Brody School of Medicine | Greenville, North Carolina | Active | |||
| Eastern Virginia Medical School | Norfolk, Virginia | Active | |||
| Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine | Boca Raton, Florida | Active | |||
| Florida State University College of Medicine | Tallahassee, Florida | Active | [42] | ||
| Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai | New York City, New York | Active | |||
| Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine | Huntington, West Virginia | Active | |||
| Medical College of Wisconsin | Milwaukee, Wisconsin | Active | |||
| Mercer University School of Medicine | Macon, Georgia | Active | |||
| Gamma of Michigan | Michigan State University College of Human Medicine | East Lansing, Michigan | Active | [43] | |
| Theta of Florida | Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine | Davie, Florida | Active | ||
| Penn State University College of Medicine | Hershey, Pennsylvania | Active | |||
| Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University | Stony Brook, New York | Active | |||
| Robert Wood Johnson Medical School | New Brunswick, New Jersey | Active | |||
| Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science | North Chicago, Illinois | Active | |||
| Rush Medical College | Chicago, Illinois | Active | |||
| Beta of New Jersey | New Jersey Medical School | Newark, New Jersey | Active | [44] | |
| Eta of Illinois | Southern Illinois University School of Medicine | Springfield, Illinois | Active | [45] | |
| Texas A&M School of Medicine | Bryan, Texas | Active | |||
| Paul L. Foster School of Medicine | El Paso, Texas | Active | |||
| Gamma of Maryland | Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences | Bethesda, Maryland | Active | [46] | |
| University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson | Tucson, Arizona | Active | |||
| UC Davis School of Medicine | Davis, California | Active | |||
| University of California, Irvine School of Medicine | Irvine, California | Active | |||
| Zeta of Florida | University of Central Florida College of Medicine | Orlando, Florida | Active | [47] | |
| University of Kentucky College of Medicine | Lexington, Kentucky | Active | |||
| University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Medicine | Kansas City, Missouri | Active | |||
| University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences | Grand Forks, North Dakota | Active | |||
| Beta of Alabama | Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine | Mobile, Alabama | Active | [48] | |
| School of Medicine Columbia | Columbia, South Carolina | Active | |||
| School of Medicine Greenville | Greenville, South Carolina | Active | |||
| Gamma of Florida | University of South Florida College of Medicine | Tampa, Florida | Active | [49] | |
| Dell Medical School | Austin, Texas | Active | |||
| Long School of Medicine | San Antonio, Texas | Active | |||
| University of Texas Medical Branch | Galveston, Texas | Active | |||
| Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute | Roanoke, Virginia | Active | |||
| Alpert Medical School | Providence, Rhode Island | Active | |||
| Epsilon of Michigan | Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine | Kalamazoo, Michigan | Active | [50] |
Notes
- ^ Chapter formed at Western Reserve University, which merged to form Case Western Reserve University.
- ^ Chapter formed at Jefferson Medical College, which merged to form Thomas Jefferson University.
- ^ Chapter formed at the Medical Department of the University of California, which became UCSF School of Medicine in the 1960s.
- ^ Chapter was chartered at Syracuse University College of Medicine, which became State University of New York Upstate Medical University in 1950.
- ^ Now operates as an association.
References
- ^ a b c Robson, John, ed. (1963). Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities (17th ed.). Menasha, Wisconsin: The Collegiate Press, George Banta Company, Inc. pp. 565-566.
- ^ Root, William Webster and Alpha Omega Alpha. Alpha Omega Alpha (Medical Scholarship Society) History and Constitution. Ithaca: Cornell Publications Printing Company, 1922. p. 5. via Library of Congress
- ^ Shepard, Francis W., ed. (1927). Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities (11th ed.). Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Publishing Company. p. 316-317. – via Google Books.
- ^ Brill, G. Meredith, ed. (1956). "Alpha Omega Alpha Directory". Ithaca: Cayuga Press, Inc. Retrieved November 17, 2024 – via Hathi Trust.
- ^ "Chapters". Alpha Omega Alpha. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Chapter 3- Student Organizations, (2009). Legend and Lore: Jefferson Medical College. Paper 4. p. 110-111. via The Jefferson Digital Commons / Thomas Jefferson University
- ^ "Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society | Pritzker School of Medicine". The University of Chicago. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Student Clubs". University of Toronto Termerty Faculty of Medicine. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Alpha Omega Alpha | Norton College of Medicine". State University of New York Upstate Medical University. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society | Carver College of Medicine". University of Iowa. June 10, 2024. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ Farmer, Lisa R. "History & Constitution | Alpha Omega Alpha Texas Alpha Chapter". University of Texas Medical Department. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ a b c d "Alpha Omega Alpha". UTHSC. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Alpha Omega Alpha". Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Alpha Omega Alpha". George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Society, David Geffen School of Medicine Chapter". David Geffen School of Medicine. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2024 – via web.archive.org.
- ^ "Alpha Omega Alpha (ΑΩΑ) Honor Medical Society | School of Medicine". West Virginia University. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
- ^ "Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Society (AOA) | School of Medicine". University of New Mexico School of Medicine. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Alpha Omega Alpha". LSU Health Shreveport School of Medicine. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ Gollahon, Kate (May 11, 2023). "Alpha Omega Alpha Banquet Celebrates Induction of TTUHSC School of Medicine Students and Faculty". Daily Dose. Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ School of Medicine Medical Student Handbook (PDF). Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center. January 2018. p. 23. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Graduation Awards - College of Medicine and Life Sciences". University of Toledo College. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
- ^ "Eleven from The U inducted into AOA national honor society". University of South Dakota. May 13, 2009. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Alpha Omega Alpha | College of Medicine |". College of Medicine at NEOMED. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Alpha Omega Honor Society | School of Medicine". University of Nevada, Reno. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Alpha Omega Alpha". Morehouse School of Medicine. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Student Life". Ponce Health Sciences University. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "AOA". UMass Chan Medical School. April 13, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ Dietderich, Andrew (February 1, 2024). "Topgun for Medicine: Twenty-nine OUWB students inducted into Alpha Omega Alpha Medical Society". InMedicine-Story. Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "AOA Epsilon Chapter". Florida International University. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Society | Boonshoft School of Medicine". Wright State University. September 13, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
- ^ "Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society". Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Alpha Omega Alpha". Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ Tracy, Anderson (March 7, 2016). "AΩA Honor Society | School of Medicine". University of Connecticut School of Medicine. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "CMSRU earns Alpha Omega Alpha Medical Honor Society Chapter | Cooper Medical School". Rowan University. 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Student Organizations". San Juan Bautista School of Medicine. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ Worster, Kate (June 21, 2022). "CMU College of Medicine inducts 21 students into medical honor society". www.cmich.edu. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "CMU College of Medicine inducts 21 students into prestigious medical honor society" (PDF). 2021-2022 Annual Report. Central Michigan University College of Medicine: 6. 2022.
- ^ Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine (May 14, 2021). "Medical School Establishes Chapter of Prestigious Honor Society". University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society at the Stritch School of Medicine". Loyola University Chicago. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Medical Honor Societies". CUNY School of Medicine. March 19, 2024. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ a b "AΩA adds two new Chapters" (PDF). The Pharos (Summer): 58. August 2024.
- ^ "Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society | College of Medicine". Florida State University. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "AoA Inductees | College of Human Medicine". Michigan State University. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Honor Medical Society | Office Of Student Affairs". Rutgers New Jersey Medical School. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Honor medical society welcomes Class of '22". SIU School of Medicine. May 24, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "USU AOA". USU AOA. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Alpha Omega Alpha". University of Central Florida. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "USA medical students named to Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society". Med School Watercooler. Frederick P. Whidden College of Medicine University of South Alabama. August 30, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Society | Morsani College of Medicine". USF Health. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
- ^ "Annual Student Awards and Faculty Recognition". Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine. Retrieved November 18, 2024.